Bear Lodge Project – Bull Hill Mine
January 2013
Weed Management Plan
11
Ox-eye daisy
Ox-eye daisy is a perennial that grows erect, up to 2 feet. Lower leaves are lance shaped, 2 to 5
inches long with a short stalk, margins are lobed or deeply parted; upper leaves are shorter and
attach directly to the stem, margins are toothed. Flowers are solitary, 1 ½ inches across, many white
petals with a yellow center, usually flowering from June to August. Roots are fibrous and seeds are
straw colored 1/8 inch long.
Management Objective
: Containment
Integrated Management
Chemical: Aminopyralid, clopyralid, and picloram are all effective control agents.
Biological: There are no known biocontrol agents approved for use.
Cultural: Increasing competition by desirable vegetation may reduce competitiveness.
Manual/Mechanical: Hand pulling and grubbing can be effective on small populations, while
larger populations can be controlled with tilling.
Yellow toadflax
Yellow toadflax is a perennial that often grows over 3 feet tall; reproduction is both from seeds and
roots. Leaves are numerous, long and narrow, attached directly to the stem, and are pale green in
color. Flowers are snapdragon type, 1 to 1 ½ inches long with a spur, bright yellow with an orange
center. Roots are woody, well branched with many lateral roots. Seeds are round, approximately ½
inch in diameter, with a papery wing, and are dark brown to black in color.
Management Objective
: Containment
Integrated Management
Chemical: Picloram + 2,4-D and picloram are effective control agents.
Biological: Toadflax flower-feeding beetle (
Brachypterolus pulicarius
), Toadflax moth
(
Calophasia lunula
), Toadflax root-boring moths (
Eteolalea intermediella
),
Toadflax stem weevil (
Mecinus janthinus
), Toadflax seed capsule weevil
(
Rhinusa antirrhini
), Toadflax root-galling weevil (
Rhinusa linariae
), and
Toadflax seed-feeding weevil (
Rhinusa neta
) are all effective control agents.
Cultural: Increasing competition by desirable vegetation may reduce competitiveness.
Manual/Mechanical: Hand pulling is successful on small populations if the lateral roots are
removed. This treatment will need to be repeated many times per season.
Quackgrass
Quackgrass is a perennial grass that reproduces from creeping rhizomes and seeds. Leaf blades are
soft, flat and may be covered with soft hairs. Auricles are present; the ligule is 0.5 mm long, leaf
constriction often present at the leaf tip. Roots consist of rhizomes that are yellowish-white in color
and root at the nodes only. The inflorescence are a spike up to 10 inches long composed of two rows
of spikelets laying flatwise to the stem. Seeds are contained in the spikelets, sometimes awnless or
